Historians Research Articles

A Review on Real-Time Network Traffic Monitoring and Anomaly Detection System : A Comprehensive Study with User-Friendly Interface and Historical Analysis Capabilities

Protecting the integrity and security of computer networks is crucial in an era of all-pervasive digital connectedness. The user-friendly interface and powerful historical analytical capabilities of the Real-Time Network Traffic Monitoring and Anomaly Detection System are highlighted in this review paper's thorough investigation of the system. This technology takes the stage in a setting where conventional security measures frequently fall short against developing threats that blend in with regular network traffic. It provides experienced administrators and newcomers with real-time insights into network traffic. Additionally, its skills for historical analysis come in handy for post-incident investigations and boosting general network security. This assessment emphasizes the system's crucial function in thwarting existing and new network threats, establishing it as a cornerstone of successful cybersecurity plans for both businesses and private citizens.

The impact of herbicide-resistant canola systems on the weed community dynamics in the Canadian Prairies

Increased adoption of no-till and extensive cultivation of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops in low diversity rotations are some of the transformations that occurred during the 1970s-2000s in western Canada. How these transformations in canola-based crop rotations impacted weed communities are not comprehensively studied. Historical data analysis of weed survey data ( Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta) in canola crops and a canola rotation field experiment were used to understand how tillage, herbicide-resistant cropping systems, and frequency of canola in the rotation can impact weed abundance, composition, and diversity in the Canadian prairies. Weed survey data revealed that the frequency of many weed species declined in years after 1995 compared with before 1995, the year HR cultivars were introduced. Gallium spurium (false cleavers) and volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the only species showing a continuous increase in frequency throughout the surveyed years. Species richness showed no trajectories but varied depending on climatic conditions. Glyphosate-resistant (G.R.) systems were associated with green foxtail irrespective of their frequency in the rotation. Wild oat was predominant in the longer rotations with glufosinate and imidazolinone-resistant canola. In the field study, weeds associated with pre-herbicide weed control timing were relatively controlled when herbicides were applied (glyphosate and glufosinate), except for foxtail barley (Hordium Jubatum L), which was not controlled in most HR systems. Overall, both weed survey data and field experiment data revealed greater control of most weed species due to growing of HR canola cultivars.

A Psychological, Historical Analysis of Post-Slavery Trauma and Post-Slavery Growth: Are They Viable Constructs?

Around the turn of the 20th century, two sociologists, W. E. B. Du Bois, and E. Franklin Frazier, produced separate narratives depicting the legacy of slavery. Du Bois documented both the apparent negative consequences as well the way many ex-slaves achieved “uplift” within a short period of time, following Emancipation. Frazier claimed that exiting slavery the ex-slaves were a broken and damaged community in dire need of assimilation. In the 1930s, when Black psychologists entered the picture, their contribution tended to favor and extend Frazier’s work, resulting in a series of studies documenting racial self-hatred and damage to the self-concept. Inspired by contemporary biological and genealogical research showing trauma can become embedded in DNA structures and transmitted from one generation to another, Joy DeGruy theorized that most African Americans suffer from a Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome [PTSS]. Missing from DeGruy’s theorizing was mention of theory and research on the way trauma can result in positive psychological outcomes or Post-Traumatic Growth [PTG]. The current work attempts to summarize theory and research for both PTSS and PTG, as each may apply to an analysis of the psychological legacy of slavery.

Seismotectonics and landslides of the NE border of the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy)

ABSTRACT The north-eastern border of CA represents the accretionary system developed during its continuous collision with Apulian block. The tardive oblique tectonic component is highlighted by pervasive NW-SE crustal transpressive left-lateral strike slip faults developed from the Upper Miocene to Quaternary tectonic stages. The seismotectonic and landslides Main Map represents the update of the main faults, the style of their arrangement and kinematics, the seismotectonic features and landslide area distribution with risk implications. Seismotectonics allows us to recognise a vertical crustal zonation with the distribution of earthquakes and their focal mechanism solution. The prevalent modality of ruptures depicts a mainly transcurrent and compressive solution in mid-lower crust portions respectively. This data, together with the historical seismicity analysis of the area, lead to consider the NW-SE strike-slip faults improved on the Main Map, as recent and tectonically active. The areal distribution of landslide and susceptibility of the area is due to the interaction between seismotectonic peculiarity, lithological typologies and fault zone architectures. Landslides and flood phenomena of this sector involve many municipalities, major and minor infrastructures and economic and social activities. The landslides and the faults have been identified, mapped and classified, originally at detail scale and, then, represented at 1:50,000 scale in the Main Map, included as supplementary material. The geo-structural and geomorphological data were analysed in a geographic information system allowing data management and implementation. The work presents an updated knowledge framework of risk conditions of the study zone, available to plan and reduce the fundamental elements that determine the landslide and seismic risks in this region.

Improving Election Integrity: Blockchain and Byzantine Generals Problem Theory in Vote Systems

In the digital age, maintaining election integrity is critical, especially in Africa, where the security of electronic elections is often questioned. This study presents a blockchain-based vote counting and validation (BBVV) system developed using a mixed methods approach that combines stakeholder questionnaires to capture system specification and randomized historical election data analysis, following the Design Science Research strategy. Using the theory of the Byzantine General Problem, the BBVV protocol is proposed, which provides an accurate local count of votes at polling stations before national aggregation. The system was tested with randomized historical election data on the Algorand blockchain TestNet and confirmed that a local consensus on the vote count could be reached before it is added to the national tally on the blockchain. Our results show that in the cases where consensus was reached, this was the instance in only about 5% of the voting scenarios, with only 10% of the total vote being considered valid due to the strict consensus requirements. In addition, significant discrepancies were found between officials, with no consensus reached in 95% of cases which was due to the rogue values generated by a randomized dataset. The performance of the BBVV system was evaluated using transaction metrics, saturation, throughput, traffic, and latency to assess its efficiency, scalability, and reliability. The results suggest that blockchain technology can significantly improve the integrity of elections by ensuring a transparent, secure, and accurate vote-counting process. Future work will focus on improving the adaptability and scalability of the BBVV system for different electoral situations.

An Unknown 18th-Century Flemish Dyers Manuscript from Antwerp (1778–1802)

This paper presents a historical analysis of a rare dyer’s manuscript, preserved within the Museum of Industry in Ghent, Belgium. The manuscript, originating from a dyer in late 18th-century Antwerp, includes an extensive collection of recipes. The study will enable researchers to better grasp the practices of traditional dyeing techniques and materials in the region during that time. The manuscript focuses primarily on the dyeing of woolen fabrics. Approximately 90 of the 132 recipes utilize red dyes. Recipes for dying orange, brown, black, blue, and green colors are also described. The document mentions the use of madder, brazilwood, redwood, and cochineal. To create a variety of red shades, the dyer describes how fabrics were treated with different mordanting compounds, with alum and tin as the main ingredients, and how the dyeing solutions were prepared. The resulting colors include ‘madder red’, ‘formal red’, ‘crimson’, ‘scarlet’, ‘Turkish red’, ‘fire color’ and ‘flesh color’. In addition to the dyeing recipes, the manuscript contains various accounting documents and correspondences between the dyer, customers, and suppliers. Lastly, over 100 original, colored samples are attached to the described recipes. In this paper, the artifact’s contents will be disclosed, comprising recipes with attached samples and correspondence. Findings resulting from archive research will be included, contextualizing and placing the dyer in their urban and social context. The paper concludes by discussing its potential limitations and provides avenues for possible future research.

Statistical analysis of the development of the plant production industry by the example of changes in the average yield of grain crops in the XX century. Part 1. Period 1900 - 1933.

The work is devoted to studying the development of the crop production industry in the twentieth century. The theory of cyclical production and change of technological structures is chosen as a working theory. The average yield of grain crops in the Russian Empire and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was determined to indicate production development. The choice of average grain yield is justified by its 'vital role in agriculture in the specified period. The change in the studied indicator is considered in the period from 1900 to 1933. The work provides a 'visual, graphical, historical, and statistical analysis of changes in the average yield of grain crops. The period from 1900 to 1933 is proposed to be divided into smaller periods consisting of H years, defined as small. For each small period, a statistical analysis is carried out, which includes calculating probabilistic characteristics, checking the average yield values for abnormal values, the presence of changes in the indicator during the period, and the nature of this change. Dividing the time interval into small periods allows us to study the change in yield in more detail and identify factors influencing this process. For each period, a hypothesis is put forward about the type of changes, and the acceptance or non-acceptance of the hypothesis is justified. The statistical analysis results are considered within the framework of past events identified during historical analysis. Building a model of changes in average yield during the period under review allows us to assess the industry’s past development and suggest possible future development scenarios. Analyzing the results of a statistical study in combination with historical context will provide a deeper understanding of the reasons for changes in yields and their impact on the development of the industry.

Exploring the Botanical Origins of Bee-Collected Pollen: A Comprehensive Historical and Contemporary Analysis.

Bee-collected pollen is one of the most important bee products. In order to predict its chemical composition and nutritional value botanical origin of pollen plays a crucial role. This review intended to collect all available data published about botanical origin of pollen collected all around the world. Due to enourmous amount of data and variables nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA), by applying Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA), was conducted in order to try to determine any specifity and/or differences among samples. Also, importance of some plant families/genera/species for bees was monitored. Based on CATPCA results families can serve in order to distinct samples from North/South America. Also, some samples from Europe (Turkey and Serbia) were characterized with presence of some specific families. Genera were excellent tool to distinguish samples from different parts of Brazil as well as Australia, Asia and Africa. Due to high and specific biodiversity pollen samples obtained from Sonoran desert (USA) completely were separated during analysis. This review presents the first attempt to summarize and classify a large number of data about botanical sources of bee-collected pollen. Keywords bee-collected pollen • botanical sources • palynological analysis • statistical analyses.

What Got Us Here Won't Get Us There: Critical History in Radical Black Re-imaginations of Canadian Nursing Histories.

As a "foursome" of nursing history students and scholars, upcoming, junior, and seasoned, we presented a panel on new work and possibilities related to histories of Blackness and Black nurses in Canadian nursing history. Our presentation was the 2023 keynote Hannah Panel Presentation for the joint Canadian Society for the History of Medicine (CSHM-SCHM) and the Canadian Association for the History of Nursing (CAHN-ACHN) conference. Reflecting and expanding our perspectives, we share the relevance and significance of engaging with histories of Canadian Blackness and (in)visibility of Blackness in nursing history. This paper considers the overarching question of how does engaging with histories of Canadian Blackness serve as an anti-racist strategy when examining, analyzing and understanding the history of nursing and health care? A core tenant of this work aims at acknowledging how institutional relationships of power are reproduced within scholarship unless there is space for radical re-imaginations. The disruption to power is achieved by exploring the connections between nursing and history from the perspective of Black nurses' history or Black feminist thought. We also disrupt power by our form, in challenging expectations of scientific inquiry as the only format of valid knowledge production within the discipline. Possibilities of arts-based methodology as a site for democratization in nursing knowledge are evoked through the metaphoric language (water, fire, air and earth) interwoven within the text. We highlight how each of us engages with nursing history, further complicating previous narratives of our collective Canadian past. In publishing our thoughts on historical inquiry in a nursing journal, we hope to provoke more curiosity and interest in history within our discipline as a site for liberation!

Psychologists return to the first question of Western philosophy.

When ancient humans gained the ability to investigate abstract questions, what first question did they pose? This article offers a novel, sweeping, historical analysis with important implications for psychological theory. The story begins with identifying the first question in Ancient Greek philosophy as "Where am I?" with particular interest in the world's overarching basic traits. For example, Pythagoras proposed the world was defined by beauty and Heraclitus suggested change. Though this discourse has traditionally puzzled historians, recent psychological research suggests it might have been largely a debate over primal world beliefs, an emerging research topic that this article introduces and situates historically. Recently, the latent structure of primal world beliefs was mapped statistically, revealing 26 dimensions. Most of these beliefs were new to psychologists, yet already posed by ancient philosophers-including Pythagoras' Beautiful world belief and Heraclitus' Changing world belief. Identifying first questions in early history may have value for psychological theorizing because it hints at something that social psychologists have long suspected: that humans are creatures fundamentally driven to understand their situation and what it calls for. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

MPIA as Solution of Appellate Body Dilemma: An Overview of the Advantages of New Mechanism of WTO Dispute Settlement

In December 2019, the WTO Appellate Body, the heart of global trade governance, encountered an unprecedented impasse due to the United States blockade on the appointment of its members. This paper delves into the emergence of the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) as a provisional solution to this deadlock. Established by the European Union and trade partners, and now endorsed by 53 WTO members, the MPIA aims to temporarily fill the void left by the paralyzed Appellate Body by utilizing Article 25 of the DSU. Through a juridical normative methodology complemented by historical and descriptive analysis, this study critically evaluates the MPIA's role within the context of international trade dispute resolution. It compares the MPIA's innovative mechanism against the traditional WTO dispute settlement mechanisms, illuminating both its merits and limitations. The paper argues that while the MPIA represents a creative and necessary stopgap, beyond this, it is not a solution for the challenges facing the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism. The findings emphasize the crucial element for comprehensive reform within the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) to regain its functionality and credibility in international trade dispute settlement.

The rise of the Spanish right during the Second Republic (1931–36). Social structures, Catholic associations, and conservative electoral mobilization

Abstract Comparative historical analyses have emphasized the role played by conservative parties in the consolidation of democratic regimes in Europe. They have also identified the main factors shaping the political and electoral strength of the right in democratization processes. On the basis of these analyses, the Spanish Second Republic (1931–36) has been characterized as a very inauspicious ground for the development of a strong conservative party. However, the right managed to build a successful electoral force in a short period of time. This paper explores the factors affecting the electoral strength of the Spanish right by conducting ecological statistical analyses in the three republican legislative elections. Empirical results show that the right managed to build strong links with national voters on the basis of sociopolitical cleavages and underlying social and institutional characteristics. In particular, they reveal the key importance of the religious cleavage in the party system of the 1930s and the crucial role played by Catholic lay organizations in the success of the right. Ultimately, this finding shows that, contrary to previous theoretical expectations, initial organizational precariousness was not an unsurmountable obstacle for the electoral success of the Spanish right.

Approach to Detecting Malicious Bots in the Vkontakte Social Network and Assessing Their Parameters

The emergence of new varieties of bots in social networks and the improvement of their capabilities to imitate the natural behavior of real users represent a significant problem in the field of protection of social networks and online communities. This paper proposes a new approach to detecting and assessing the parameters of bots within the social network «VKontakte». The basis of the proposed approach is the creation of datasets using the method of «controlled purchase» of bots, which allows one to assess bots’ characteristics such as price, quality, and speed of action of bots, and using the Turing Test to assess how much users trust bots. In combination with traditional machine learning methods and features extracted from interaction graphs, text messages, and statistical distributions, it becomes possible to not only detect bots accurately but also predict their characteristics. This paper demonstrates that the trained machine learning model, based on the proposed approach, is robust to imbalanced data and can identify most types of bots as it has only a minor correlation with their main characteristics. The proposed approach can be used within the choice of countermeasures for the protection of social networks and for historical analysis, which allows not only to confirm the presence of bots but also to characterize the specifics of the attack.

Atmospheric blocking and temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula

The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) has displayed a propensity for persistent blocking ridges and anticyclonic conditions, particularly during recent summertime extreme weather events. This study investigates atmospheric blocking patterns over the AP through historical (1981–2010) and future (2071–2100, SSP5–8.5) periods using ERA5 reanalysis and six CMIP6 models, including multi-member realizations from two models totaling ten simulations. We focus particularly on 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) and near-surface air temperature (T2m) anomalies. The historical analysis highlights significant differences between the CMIP6 models and ERA5 reanalysis, especially in the austral winter, with EC-Earth3 and INM-CM4 models matching closest with the ERA5. Future projections show that while the northern AP and the Drake Passage largely do not exhibit a clear trend towards increased blocking, there are exceptions. The EC-Earth3 model predicts more blocking–like conditions northwest of the AP in summer and a pronounced ridge over the Bellingshausen Sea in winter, indicating a potential increase in blocking events. The INM-CM4 model projects a minor increase in summer Z500 heights off the western and southern AP, without clear blocking patterns over the AP, and negligible winter changes. Localized intensification is noted in the northern parts of the blocking domain and southern AP during extreme blocking conditions. These variations are mirrored in T2m anomalies, suggesting warming in the northern and southern sections of AP but little change elsewhere. The results of this study underscore the need to more accurately capture complex blocking mechanisms and their impacts on regional climate patterns around the AP. We also suggest employing refined blocking definitions and incorporating a broader range of climate models to enhance our understanding of blocking patterns and their impacts in a changing climate.

Comparing Historic Military Capabilities

Using comparative historical analysis to compare and contrast historic military capabilities is possible using the Defence Lines of Development as a model. Richard Fisher demonstrates how it is not appropriate to merely compare technical aspects of equipment, but that it is necessary to also consider the training, personnel, information, doctrine and concepts, organisation, infrastructure and logistics as part of a comprehensive comparison. Equipment comparisons exist but are flawed as they may not identify the critical factors that enhance or diminish the overall capability. The method is evaluated using the infantry section’s machine guns of the Second World War: the Bren and MG42.◼

State Capacity and Industrial Development: A Comparative Study of Iran and Egypt (1990–2010)

Despite pursuing industrial development to solve various socioeconomic and sociopolitical issues, such as the urgent need to reconstruct war damages in Iran, the foreign debt crisis in Egypt, and population growth in both countries, statistical data show only slight progress. The graphs of the gross domestic product (GDP) growth and exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP, which are reliable indexes for measuring industrial output, along with the rate of foreign direct investment, demonstrate numerous fluctuations and instability in the economic growth rate for both cases under the period under review. Failing to diversify the economy, Iran and Egypt still relied heavily on unproductive rents, mostly from hydrocarbon exports, at the end of this era. Why is this the case despite the national leadership putting industrial development on the agenda? This article addresses this question by examining state capacity, focusing on the internal cohesion of state authority and its relation to society. In so doing, comparative historical analysis and causal narrative method are used.

Declarações da Conferência Episcopal do Chile durante o governo de Salvador Allende: tensões com Cristãos pelo Socialismo

This article aims to examine the views of the Chilean Catholic Church during the administration of President Salvador Allende. The main themes that arise from the declarations of the bishops will be addressed and the ethical-theological implications of the relationship between religion and politics in the current context will be analyzed. The central axis of the article is to analyze the vision of the bishops towards the Marxist/socialist ideology from the historical and theological analysis of the government of Salvador Allende and the configuration of Christians for Socialism. The bishops’ statements show a critical position towards the Marxist/socialist ideology, seen as synonymous in a discursive strategy of the church hierarchy to disqualify the government and the left-leaning of Catholics. The article is based on a classic analysis of texts, which uses internal and external analysis of episcopal documents between 1970 and 1974, together with a bibliographical review on the historical period.

Vectors of Violence: Legitimation and Distribution of State Power in the People’s Liberation Army Daily (Jiefangjun Bao), 1956-1989

From personal memoirs and cooking recipes to revolutionary agitation and war coverage, the People’s Liberation Army Daily offers a wealth of insights into the sociopolitical and affective realities of post-1949 China. One of the few major periodicals that continued publication during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), the journal has received relatively scant attention from scholars, except for political science studies devoted to the PRC propaganda system. Combining close reading and historical analysis with quantitative conceptuality and text mining, we demonstrate how the PLA Daily legitimizes state violence differently through its representation of various soldier figures, the zhanshi, the junren, and the minbing. We also use a large language model to show how the journal distributes violent sentiments to international topics in times of domestic turmoil.

Assessing future intra-basin water availability in madagascar: Accounting for climate change, population growth, and land use change

The Major River Basins in Madagascar (MRBM) play a crucial role in providing water to the Malagasy population as well as the ecosystem. Little is known about the impact of climate change on these basins, and it is not clear what factors have the most significant impact on them. There are two central objectives of this study: 1. To assess the future potential water available for daily life and agriculture use across the MRBM. 2. To compare the projected change within the MRBM with the historical trends analysis and identify the water-stressed basins. In this paper, a new method for assessing the future available Intra-basin water resources combined with the impacts of climate change, land use, and population is proposed. Three imbalance indicators are introduced to quantify the spatial availability (indicator N°1), distribution (indicator N°2), and variability (indicator N°3) of the Potential Water Resources (PWR) available and have been applied to the MRBM. Under the SSP2–4.5 scenario, results showed a decreasing trend of the PWR in most of the basins by 2050 with a rise in evapotranspiration and a decline in precipitation. The increasing trend and uneven distribution of the population and agricultural land upstream/downstream are found to cause the reduction of the PWR available per capita (by 37 %) and agriculture area (by 69 %) across the MRBM. This study predicts water scarcity for most of the basins by 2050, especially in the Mangoro and Onilahy Basins. Upstream populations are expected to grow in Mahajamba, Mahavavy, Betsiboka, Manambolo, Tsiribihina, Mangoro, Onilahy, Mananara, and Mandrare basins, along with an expansion of the downstream agricultural land in Sofia, Betsiboka, Manambolo, Mangoky, and Mandrare basins. These findings enhance the cause-effect relationship between climate change, land use change, population growth, and water scarcity in the MRBM. Urgent action is therefore needed for an efficient and sustainable management of these water-stressed basins.

Historical Territorialization of Mining Companies in The State of Bahia

Purpose: This article proposes to develop a territorial, historical, dynamic, open and plural analytical framework, referring to mining companies operating in the State of Bahia.   Theoretical Framework: Through socioeconomic, ecological and historical analyses, we clarify multiple relationships between past and contemporary facts, based on the theoretical and conceptual perspectives of the cartographic exercise of New Social Cartography, developed by professor Alfredo Wagner.   Method: The methodological instrument is New Social Cartography, through which we seek to highlight companies, agents of mineral exploration, highlighting phenomena inherent to their activities. Using methods that involve the leading roles of communities in the construction of knowledge.   Results and conclusions: We observed that in Bahia, as, generally speaking, in Brazil, sophisticated models of mining colonization were established, with embryonic approvals from the Kandir Law, one of the legal provisions that must be urgently questioned and repudiated, in the name of freedom and lives.   Research implications: Exposure and elucidation of global policies involving mining processes, presenting a worrying dynamism, with major ruptures and structural transformations (economic, political, cultural and mental).   Originality/value: we contrast political categories and reified legal norms, demystifying them, presenting immeasurable losses inherited by human populations, their sociocultural frameworks, living organisms and the abiotic environments of ecosystems.